Introduction
The poultry industry is a cornerstone of global food security, but it faces significant labor challenges that threaten its sustainability and efficiency. With a growing global population and increasing demand for poultry products, it is important to address these issues. This article looks at the main labor challenges in the poultry industry and offers possible solutions to address them.
Labor Shortages: A Growing Concern
Poultry houses must be monitored daily to ensure the health of the animals and the proper operation of the house. Not only is this time-consuming and labor-intensive, but it is also difficult for farm owners to find consistent workers for these tasks. In fact, the entire poultry value chain, from production to processing, is affected by a severe labor shortage. Contributing factors include an extremely high turnover rate, the physically demanding nature of the work and a lack of interest from younger generations. This shortage affects productivity, increases labor costs and puts additional strain on the existing workforce. The inability to fill positions also has a direct impact on turnover. A 2018 survey of poultry industry employers in Canada found that 36% could not find enough workers and 40% of those experiencing labor shortages were losing revenue as a result (CAHRC-CCRAH, 2019), leading to more stress and overtime costs for owners.
Deskilling and Minimal Training
Since the 1950s and 60s, the poultry industry has undergone significant development. During the same period, slaughtering was mechanized and processing lines were developed along the model of industrial factories in order to increase productivity and efficiency (Constance & al., 2013). This led to the deskilling of jobs, which has reduced the need for extensive training. Nowadays, with high staff turnover, some employees receive only minimal training, sometimes limited to watching a video or imitating their colleagues (Alexander, 2012). This deskilling makes workers easily replaceable but contributes to high turnover rates and low job satisfaction.
IoT Based Smart Poultry Farming
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical objects, devices, buildings and other items that are embedded with sensors, software and connectivity so that they can collect and exchange data via the internet. In smart poultry farming, it usually fulfills three different functions: Detection and monitoring, analysis and decision-making, and intervention (Astill & al., 2020).
These devices can be used for a variety of objectives, such as optimizing the poultry house environment, precision feeding, reducing manual labor, and improving bird welfare. To the extent that sensors and technologies are integrated into poultry farming, the time saved on manual observations and human decision-making can be used to either increase poultry production or reduce labor costs.
Intelia’s data collection solutions are based on key poultry-specific sensors – bird scale, bin scale, water meter, static pressure, relative humidity, CO/CO2, ammonia, etc. – which play a crucial role in collecting important data needed for comprehensive analysis. The collected data is then processed and analyzed using a powerful analytics platform, Compass. This platform also uses advanced predictive analytics and AI tools to provide growers with not only valuable insights but also actionable information. Automating these normally manual processes saves labor, which is particularly beneficial for large poultry operations where efficiency is key.
Automation and Robotics
Contrary to smart sensors, which focus on monitoring and data collection, robotics in poultry production are more oriented towards task execution and systems integration, such as training hens to move, picking eggs, and autonomous sanitization. These robotic applications aim to improve productivity and efficiency while reducing repetitive and hazardous tasks for workers (Ren & al. 2020).
They can also help protect owners from the effects of labor shortages, performing repetitive tasks such as sorting and packing more efficiently and consistently than human labor. The use of these technologies can therefore allow workers to focus on more complex tasks.
With the current labor shortage expected to increase, this is not just about reducing the number of workers needed with increased automation, but also about improving working conditions. Automation has led to fewer workers being needed for tasks such as gutting, hanging, cutting and deboning. These advances not only reduce labor requirements, but also increase efficiency and safety.
Working Conditions
As with many agricultural employees, 42% of poultry and egg producers state that working conditions are a challenge to employee retention. Other reasons cited include limited opportunities for advancement (41%), work that is too physical (35%) and insufficient wages and benefits (30%) (CAHRC-CCRAH, 2019).
Improving working conditions is therefore crucial to attracting and retaining workers. This includes ensuring fair wages, providing adequate training, and creating a safer work environment. Innovations like climate-controlled barns and ergonomic equipment can make the job less physically demanding and more appealing to potential employees. Addressing high turnover rates by improving conditions and offering competitive benefits can also enhance worker retention (Alexander, 2012).
Training and Education: Building a Skilled Workforce
A study conducted with stockpeople employed in Brazil has shown that comprehensive training not only improves workers’ decision-making skills to maintain optimal conditions for broiler chickens, thereby increasing flock productivity and performance, but also fosters a sense of responsibility and affection for work (Alencar & al., 2007). This improved employee retention and productivity and reduced turnover rates. The study also found a correlation between lower flock mortality and a positive relationship with broilers and affection for work, highlighting the importance of education and training in developing a skilled workforce capable of running modern poultry operations (Alencar & al., 2007).
With the advent of new technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence and smart farming methods, it’s also important to educate the workforce to ensure that owners’ investments in these technological tools are properly utilized and have maximum impact and uptake. Offering ongoing training programs in the latest farming techniques, animal welfare, and technology use can enhance worker competence and job satisfaction. Partnerships with agricultural colleges and vocational schools can also help recruit new talent into the industry.
Communication Barriers
One of the challenges for poultry farms is the linguistic diversity of their workforce. Many employees are not fluent in the local language, making communicating instructions and sharing news difficult. However, technology offers promising solutions to overcome these challenges. Multilingual platforms such as the Compass app allow employees to receive and share information in their preferred language to ensure clear and concise communication. In addition, real-time translation programs such as Google Translate can be integrated into operations management systems. These technologies not only help to overcome language barriers, but also improve overall coordination, reduce errors and increase job satisfaction, ultimately leading to a more efficient and cohesive workforce.
Job Satisfaction and Retention
Job satisfaction is key to retaining workers in the poultry industry. Recognizing and rewarding employee contributions, fostering a positive workplace culture, and offering career advancement opportunities can increase job satisfaction. Regular feedback and open communication channels can also help address worker concerns and improve retention rates. High turnover rates, driven by poor working conditions and low wages, can be mitigated by creating a more supportive and engaging work environment (Alexander, 2012).
Worker Health and Safety
Worker health and safety are paramount in the poultry industry. Some workers perform the same movements thousands of times per day. The repetitive and high-speed motion required to perform these jobs, particularly in processing, contribute to poultry workers having very high rates of on-the-job injuries, an important driver of the very high industry turnover figures (GAO, 2005). Furthermore, exposure to dust, ammonia, and other hazards can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues. Implementing proper ventilation systems, providing protective gear, and conducting regular health screenings can help safeguard workers’ health. Additionally, adopting technology for real-time monitoring of environmental conditions can prevent potential health risks for both workers and animals.
Conclusion
Addressing labor challenges in poultry farms requires a multifaceted approach that combines technological innovation, improved working conditions, comprehensive training, flexible labor models, and a focus on worker health and safety. By adopting these strategies, the poultry industry can enhance productivity, attract new talent, and ensure a sustainable future.
Through the integration of advanced technologies, better labor practices, and a commitment to worker well-being, poultry farms can overcome labor shortages and continue to thrive in a competitive market. As the industry evolves, continuous adaptation and improvement will be essential to meet the growing global demand for poultry products while maintaining high standards of quality and sustainability.
